B U L L E T I N 08.01.22
National Institute of Health (NIH)
National Library of Medicine (NLM)
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
World Health Organization (WHO)
PROSPECTIVES ON Poultry Disease Outbreaks and Remediation
Broad Treatment is Required – Recent studies published in conjunction with the National Institute of Health, (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7704954) show that disease outbreaks are more often linked to more than a single agent. Therefore, broad treatment, where possible will be more effective, efficient and economical. Data shows that among those pathogens that can be treated simultaneously are;
- Avibacterium parragallinarum (A parragallinarum), which targets the respiratory system,
- Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) in an infectious coryza, which targets the heart, liver and digestive organs and now
- Avian influenza, more deadly, often found as concurrent infection.
While A parragallinarum alone results in very sick birds, acute respiratory signs, lesions all leading to reduction in egg production and reduced growth, accompanying FAdV are commonly found together and whereas concurrent infection may cause mortality as high as 50% compared with 40% mortality by FAdV and A parragallinarum alone zero mortality. Avian influenza produces even higher levels of mortality. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7704954/
Treatment Method – Mist spray or fogging is best. These methods are quick and provide the best means of providing greatest area of coverage, crevices, crannies and “floors” and “floors” being particularly important when the floor is soil.
Treatment Disinfectant – The World Health Organization, WHO, has reported on an emergency basis recent findings that buffered and balanced chlorine dioxide kills avian influenza in fifteen (15) seconds of contact at 80 to 126 ppm. While effective as to avian influenza and its morphologically similar cousins, some studies show this concentration level is not sufficient
when antibiotic resistant bacteria are present. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8442261
In that 60% to 80% of all antibiotics used in the U.S. are used in animal production, resistant strains are often found in soil floors. In many cases this remains true of both antibiotic-resistant bacteria, ARB and antibiotic resistance-genes, ARG as long as two years after livestock has been removed. www.ncbi.n.m.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9061123
Micromonosporaceae and Thaumarchaeota sources of “Farmer’s Lung Disease”, and other respiratory inflammatory disorders, are particularly resistant.
Recommended PPM – 100 ppm is a dosage sufficient to eliminate and control when application is made by means of
- Spray misting or fogging, as the process is quick, it also uses a smaller quantity of materials, and is
- A mechanical kill, by virtue of cell wall penetration, it does not contribute to or foster the growth and development of additional ARB, antibiotic resistant bacteria or ARG, antibiotic resistant genes.
- It is now considered “fundamental that the development of resistant strains of bacteria and/or yeast [does] not occur.” International Journal of Vaccines & Vaccination, October 8, 2016, citing Young, RO (2016) Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2) a As a Non-Toxic Antimicrobial Agent for Virus, Bacteria and Yeast. This article also provides an excellent explanation of the mechanics of oxidation as a disinfectant and in particular explains the cytotoxicity of ClO2)
Mode of Operation – Bacteria excrete an acidic fluid. When chlorine dioxide encounters the acidic material, polysaccharides, they surrender an oxygen molecule. This is oxidation. This causes inactivation of the bacteria and virus. Spectrophotometrical evidence, holes in cell walls, demonstrates that inactivation can occur in as few as sixty seconds…. after contact and in sufficient strength.
It appears that all bacteria excrete an acidic fluid, generally a type of sugar. Chlorine dioxide, in the presence of the acidic fluid proceeds to oxidize as the electronic charge of the sugar molecules are sufficient to separate a chlorine dioxide oxygen molecule. When this occurs, the virus explodes and/or cell wall of the bacteria is perforated. This damage is a “mechanical kill” and is termed so because “mechanically” viral or bacterial tissue is being damaged. The damage results in “inactivation”, death of the germ. As these electrical charges are constant in the molecular structures of both the acid and the chlorine dioxide, it is reasonable that the oxygen molecule will always be exchanged, notwithstanding science’s hesitation to the general use of the word “always.”
When this occurs with sufficient frequency, measured by the rate of application and the ppm level of the application, mechanical kill should always occur.
Because it is mechanical kill as opposed to any other means, it is highly unlikely, that resistance develops.
Biofilm – Poultry facilities, like all environments have biofilm present. Biofilm is the debris that settles from the air and remains on surfaces. It can be several layers in depth. They are microscopic.
A common vision of disinfecting and cleaning is a scene of a person scrubbing or in some manner creating friction with a cloth, a mop or a sponge. This is done because most disinfectants do not penetrate biofilm. Friction does… and is necessary because some disinfectants actually enhance biofilm development. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4471055
Chlorine dioxide has the ability to penetrate biofilm. The ability to penetrate biofilm is essential to proper application by means of mist spray or fogging. This is not to say that it penetrates all debris. For best results, surfaces will be cleaned to the extent possible.
Availability – Chlorine dioxide formulations. Two buffered and balanced chlorine dioxide formulas, both with two (2) year shelf life are available in concentrate at 2000 ppm, 1st Place Science’s disinfectantTM or SNiPERTM.
